JEWISH KING JESUS IS COMING AT THE RAPTURE FOR US IN THE CLOUDS-DON'T MISS IT FOR THE WORLD.THE BIBLE TAKEN LITERALLY- WHEN THE PLAIN SENSE MAKES GOOD SENSE-SEEK NO OTHER SENSE-LEST YOU END UP IN NONSENSE.GET SAVED NOW- CALL ON JESUS TODAY.THE ONLY SAVIOR OF THE WHOLE EARTH - NO OTHER. 1 COR 15:23-JESUS THE FIRST FRUITS-CHRISTIANS RAPTURED TO JESUS-FIRST FRUITS OF THE SPIRIT-23 But every man in his own order: Christ the firstfruits; afterward they that are Christ’s at his coming.ROMANS 8:23 And not only they, but ourselves also, which have the firstfruits of the Spirit, even we ourselves groan within ourselves, waiting for the adoption, to wit, the redemption of our body.(THE PRE-TRIB RAPTURE)
BREAKING NEWS-7:58PM-THE SHOOTER HAS BEEN ARRESTED AFTER BEING CAUGHT IN ILLINOIS.
A
TERRORIST SHOOTER WAS SHOOTING FROM A ROOF AT CHICAGO ILLINOIS PARADE
WATCHERS.KILLING 6 AND INJURING 31 IN THIS TERRORIST ATTACK. IT WAS A
WHITE MALE 18-20 YEARS OF AGE-WITH A WHITE OR BLUE SHIRT-LONGER BLACK
HAIR-YELLOW BACK PACK-SLIM BUILD. ON THE LOOSE STILL. 200 POLICE LOOKING
FOR HIM.AT LEAST 50 SHOTS WERE FIRED A WITNESS SAID.POLICE FOUND A GUN
AT THE SCENE. A WITNESS ZOEY SAID IT DEFINATELY SOUNDED LIKE AS SINGLE
SHOOTER WITH A MACHINE GUN NOT A NORMAL GUN.AND SHE SEEN ONE MAN DEAD
FROM GUN WOUNDS.
UPDATE AT 7:11PM - THE TERRORIST FREAKAZOID ZOMIE LIBERAL SHOOTERS NAME IS ROBERT CRIMO (3). HE LOOKS LIKE AN DEMON POSSESSED ALIEN. THIS GUY WILL BLEND IN WITH THE DEMONS REAL GOOD IN HELL. A GIGANTIC HEAD NO NECK. HIS EYES ARE FAR APART. AN ARABS EYE BROWS AND HITLERS MOUTH.
• In selecting what to attack, where,
when and how, IS shows its capacity to strike at will, at any time and
at almost any chosen target;
• IS is not the only religiously
inspired terrorist organisation threatening Western countries. Al-Qaeda
is still a factor to be considered and a reason for the EU to focus on a
broader range of religiously inspired groups
. Terrorist cells ready
to perpetrate a terrorist attack are largely domestic and/or locally
based. Members could have been trained in Syria, as was the case in the
November Paris attacks, but that is not imperative.
Conclusions-The
discussions led to the conclusion that IS is preparing more terrorist
attacks, including more ‘Mumbai style’ attacks, to be executed in Member
States of the EU, and in France in particular. The attacks will be
primarily directed at soft targets, because of the impact it generates
The
Independent-Six victims dead and 24 hospitalised in mass shooting at
July 4 parade in Illinois with gunman still at large-Rachel Sharp-Mon,
July 4, 2022 at 1:59 PM
Six people have been killed and another
24 hospitalised in a mass shooting at a July 4 parade in Illinois with a
manhunt now under way for the gunman who allegedly opened fire from a
roof above the festivities.Gunfire erupted at the Highland Park Fourth
of July parade in downtown Highland Park around 10 minutes after the
Independence Day celebrations kicked off at 10am on Monday morning,
reported The Chicago Sun-Times.Witnesses told WGN9 that the suspect was
positioned on top of the roof of an Uncle Dan’s retail store when they
began firing into the parade below.As of 12.30pm local time – more than
two hours after the mass shooting unfolded – the incident remained
“active” and the gunman was still at large.City officials said in a
press release that police were responding to the active shooting and
urged members of the public to shelter in place.Multiple law enforcement
agencies are searching for the suspect and have secured a perimeter
around downtown Highland Park.Evidence of a firearm has also been
recovered from the area, the city said.In total, 16 people were rushed
to hospital with five victims so far confirmed dead.One person was
covered by a blanket on the ground while at least five others were seen
bloodied, reported The Chicago Sun-Times.Rep Brad Schneider, who
represents the area of Highland Park, said that he had heard there was
“loss of life”.The Democratic congressman tweeted that the shooting
unfolded as he and his team were gathered at the start of the parade but
confirmed that they were all unharmed. There are reportedly multiple
fatalities following a shooting at an Independence Day parade in
Highland Park, Illinois.Warning: Gunshots heard in below
video.pic.twitter.com/F0BrsEXIS8 — Alex Salvi (@alexsalvinews) July 4,
2022“Today a shooter struck in Highland Park during the Independence Day
parade. My campaign team and I were gathering at the start of the
parade when the shooting started. My team and I are safe and secure. We
are monitoring the situation closely and in touch with the Mayor,” he
said.“Hearing of loss of life and others injured. My condolences to the
family and loved ones; my prayers for the injured and for my community;
and my commitment to do everything I can to make our children, our
towns, our nation safer. Enough is enough!”State Rep Bob Morgan also
tweeted about the shooting, confirming “multiple” injuries.“For those
unaware, there was a shooting at the Highland Park Parade. I am ok but
there have been multiple injuries.” he tweeted.“Please stay out of the
area, stay safe, and please pray for those injured.”Footage posted on
social media shows revellers and parade participants suddenly fleeing in
panic as gunfire erupted in the streets.In the TikTok video, which has
been widely shared, families are seen sitting on the kerb of the
sidewalk watching a marching band walk past.Suddenly a voice starts
yelling “gunshots” and the parade watchers start to leap up from the
ground.The marching band members break into a run and sprint off in the
direction of the parade route.Screams are heard in the background and
people flee from the area as local residents who had come to enjoy the
family-friendly Independence Day celebrations were forced to seek
shelter. For those unaware, there was a shooting at the Highland Park
Parade. I am ok but there have been multiple injuries. Please stay out
of the area, stay safe, and please pray for those injured. — Bob Morgan
(@RepBobMorgan) July 4, 2022-One local resident told the Associated
Press that she was riding a parade float when she saw people running
away from the area.“People started saying ‘There’s a shooter, there’s a
shooter, there a shooter,’” said Debbie Glickman.“So we just ran. We
just ran. It’s like mass chaos down there.”Multiple law enforcement
agencies are on the scene including Illinois State Police, Highland Park
Police and Lake County Sheriff’s Office.Illinois State Police tweeted
at around 11.20am local time: “The Illinois State Police is currently
assisting Highland Park PD with an active shoot situation that occurred
at the Highland Park Parade. The Illinois State Police is currently
assisting Highland Park PD with an active shoot situation that occurred
at the Highland Park Parade. The public is advised to avoid the area of
Central Ave and 2nd St. in Highland Park. — IllinoisStatePolice
(@ILStatePolice) July 4, 2022“The public is advised to avoid the area of
Central Ave and 2nd St. in Highland Park.”Lake County Sheriff’s Office
tweeted that it was al;so assisting Highland Park Police with a shooting
along the parade route.“We are assisting Highland Park Police with a
shooting in the area of the Independence Day parade route. STAY OUT OF
THE AREA - allow law-enforcement and first responders to do their work,”
the department said.Highland Park is around 25 miles north of
Chicago.The shooting marks the latest gun violence to tear apart a
community in the US, coming just weeks after 21 students and teachers
were killed in a mass shooting in Uvalde, Texas, and 10 Black people
were killed in a mass shooting in Buffalo, New York.
Chicago
shooting: 3 wounded in Lakeview East after gunfire erupts on crowded
Clark Street-By Stephanie Wade-Monday, June 27, 2022
CHICAGO
(WLS) -- Two men and a woman were wounded in Lakeview East early Monday
morning, Chicago police said.The shooting occurred at about 1:30 a.m. in
the 3100-block of North Clark Street, police said.Video shows a large
crowd was on the street when someone began shooting. The victims were
all outside but not standing together, police said.A 46-year-old woman
was shot in the abdomen and transported to Illinois Masonic Medical
Center in critical condition, police said.25 shot, 5 fatally, in Chicago
weekend violence-A 30-year-old man was shot in the knee and transported
to Illinois Masonic Medical Center in good condition.3 stabbed in fight
in Lakeview East, Chicago police say-A 37-year-old man was shot in the
leg and was transported to Northwestern Memorial Hospital in good
condition.Many people were still out celebrating at the time of the
shooting after the Pride Parade Sunday.Alderman Tom Tunney requested
extra police patrols over concerns of high turnout for the Pride
Parade's return."It's sad, but you know the reality is when you have
this type of crowd and this many people and people that have been
drinking and carrying on so to speak, there's a lot of vulnerability and
there's a lot of police officers who need to be out here," Alderman
Tunney said. "And that's what I have been asking for and the mayor
agreed, as did the superintendent and so I'm thankful and the community
is thankful."A gun was recovered from the scene.Area Three detectives
are investigating the shooting. No one is in custody.
Escaping Atonement in Sunni Islam-Death by Jihad for Deliverance-Christine Sixta Rinehart, PhD-15 June 2021
https://doi.org/10.36304/ExpwMCUP.2021.03
Abstract:
In the Islamic hadith corpus and Quran, the way to atone for sins is
called tawba (or tawbah), which requires one to complete a series of
steps to receive forgiveness from Allah (God). Jihadist terrorist
organizations use primarily Quranic scripture to recruit and employ
suicide bombers who may have a guilty conscience for their past sins. It
is said that martyrdom, or istishadi, will automatically save Muslims
from hell and grant access to paradise no matter the sin committed. One
of the understudied reasons for istishadi suicide bombings in jihadist
groups is the concept of atonement. This article answers the following
research questions: What role does guilt in Islam play in the
motivations for male and female Sunni jihadist suicide bombers, and why
is tawba not utilized? The Quran and hadith corpus are major Muslim
religious texts and sources of Islamic jurisprudence. The Quran is the
principal text of Islam and is believed to contain direct revelations
from Allah (God). The hadith corpus are a series of stories and
traditions about the Prophet Muhammad. They are a primary source of
Islamic law and are second only to the Quran. They took several hundred
years to be written down and compiled. According to the Encyclopedia
Britannica, "The development of Hadith is a vital element during the
first few centuries of Islamic history, and its study provides a broad
index to the mind and ethos of Islam."1 There are six major hadith that
are accepted by Sunni Muslims. The most well-known are those compiled by
Muhammad ibn Isma'il al-Bukhari (810-70 CE) and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj
(817-75 CE), both of which share the title al-Sahih (The Authentic).2
Unless otherwise noted, the al-Bukhari version is used in this article;
it is highly respected by Sunni Muslims because the author was cautious
in his compilation, making sure that the stories were authentic. In the
hadith corpus and Quran, the way to atone for sins is called tawba (or
tawbah), which requires one to complete a series of complex steps to
receive forgiveness from Allah. However, one can circumvent tawba and
its requirements by giving their life in religious holy war, or jihad.3
In the hadith corpus, Muhammad the Prophet said:The person who
participates in (Holy battles) in Allah's cause . . . and nothing
compels him to do so except belief in Allah and His Apostles, will be
recompensed by Allah either with a reward, or booty (if he survives) or
will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a
martyr). Had I not found it difficult for my followers, then I would not
remain behind any sariya going for Jihad . . . and I would have loved
to be martyred in Allah's cause and then made alive, and then martyred
and then made alive, and then again martyred in His cause.4 Concerning
atonement, the Quran states, "Except those who repent and make amends
and openly declare (the Truth): To them, I turn; for I am Oft-returning,
Most Merciful."5 The Quran also states, "O ye who believe! Turn to
Allah with sincere repentance: In the hope that your Lord will remove
from you your ills and admit you to Gardens beneath which Rivers flow."6
Although quotes such as these are plentiful in the hadith corpus and
Quran, these simple statements further support the argument presented
here. Clemency from Allah needs to be earned in Islam, literally through
the process of tawba, as will be discussed later in the article.
However, only Allah can decide what is forgiven. Concerning the
unpredictability of Allah, the Quran states, "Surely Allah does not
forgive that anything should be associated with Him, and He forgives
what is besides this to whom He pleases; and whoever associates anything
with Allah, he indeed strays off into a remote error."7 Paradise
through istishadi circumvents the requirements of tawba, which involves
six steps to fully atone for sins. Certain sins may even be
unforgivable, depending on the Islamic scholar's interpretation.The
scholarship regarding motivations for suicide bombings has been remiss
in considering the concept of guilt in suicide terrorism. Young male and
female jihadist suicide bombers often live a life of perceived
extravagance and sinfulness before their istishadi. The concept of
istishadi in the hadith corpus and Quran provides them with a guaranteed
exit strategy for the actions that have plagued them. Transgressions
such as drug use, alcohol use, promiscuity, infidelity, family shame, or
other sins are not part of a conservative Muslim lifestyle. The concept
of tawba might require too much labor for the potential suicide bomber,
or the rewards and notoriety that accompany istishadi are much more
alluring. The discrepancy between suicide and martyrdom must also be
clear to the potential suicide bomber, as Islam forbids suicide. The
prospective bomber must be comfortable with the concept that they are
dying in battle as a martyr as opposed to committing suicide. However,
it is the rewards of jihad that sanction the use of suicide or istishadi
by jihadist suicide bombers. Recruiters use the Quran and hadith corpus
to make this argument.8 This article seeks to answer the following
research questions: What role does guilt in Islam play in the
motivations for Sunni jihadist suicide bombers, and why is tawba not
utilized? Terrorist leaders and recruiters typically focus on Quranic
scriptures much more so than the hadith corpus as the Quran is easier to
access, shorter, and less complex.9 This article will primarily
concentrate on the role of the Quran in Sunni jihadist terrorism.The
next section will examine jihad as the efficacious solution in the Quran
and hadith corpus, while comparing different translations of the Quran.
It will also discuss the acceptable reasons for jihad in Islam and how
these criteria are facilitated by jihadist recruiters and leaders to
influence a person to commit istishadi. The concept of tawba and why it
cannot apply to jihadist suicide bombers will be examined in the third
section. The fourth section will look at case studies of jihadist
suicide terrorists and the use of istishadi as atonement of their sins. A
discussion of these case studies will follow in the fifth section, and
the article will end with a conclusion and recommendations for future
research.Death for Deliverance through Jihad: The Quran and the Hadith
Corpus-According to a report from The Program on Terrorism and Low
Intensity Conflict at Tel Aviv University's Institute for National
Security Studies, "In 2019, 149 suicide bombings were carried out in 24
countries by 236 suicide bombers, among them 22 women. In these suicide
bombings, 1,850 people were killed and 3,660 were wounded." More than 80
percent of these suicide bombings were committed by Salafi-jihadist
groups.10 The year 2016 had the highest number of suicide bombings on
record.11 Currently, jihadist groups are the main perpetrators of
suicide attacks worldwide. For some jihadists, the concept of guilt is a
motivation for committing a suicide attack or achieving istishadi. This
section will look at the Quran and hadith corpus and the roles they
play in sanctioning istishadi for jihadists. Quotes concerning istishadi
and jihad are plentiful throughout the Quran and hadith corpus.As a
note on translation, this author has used three different translations
of the Quran to write this article. Al-Qurían by Ahmed Ali was published
by Princeton University Press in 1993 and portrays Islam as the least
warlike of the Quranic translations. The second translation is The Holy
Quran by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, a Saudi translation that was published in
1934. This translation portrays Islam as a warrior religion, although it
has been banned in some schools in the United States due to its
prejudiced statements against Jewish people. The most violent portrayal
of Islam referenced in this article comes from The Qurían translated by
Muhammad Habib Shakir, which was published in 1993 in Pakistan, although
there is some controversy as to whether he did the translation or
plagiarized it.12The Middle East Quarterly article "Assessing English
Translations of the Qurían," by Khaleel Mohammed, explains the political
and religious motivations behind each Quranic translation.13 These
different translations of the Quran, which in some cases show
significant disagreement, exemplify the problems of radicalism that
plague Islam. The Ahmed Ali version rarely uses the words jihad or
Allah, and even then, greater jihad is usually referred to. The concept
of greater jihad is the personal struggle to live a good Muslim life,
while the lesser jihad refers to war and violence.14 Terms like lord or
god replace the Arabic Allah in the Ahmed Ali version. The Abdullah
Yusuf Ali version contains the word jihad but uses it as a reference to
fighting or striving, not as war against infidels, people of the book,
or Jewish people. The most punitive version of the Quran discussed in
this article, by Muhammad Habib Shakir, refers to 72 virgins in paradise
and includes verbiage that jihadist terrorist groups frequently quote.
This author has used this version to fully highlight the lengths to
which recruiters will go to propagandize the religious text for their
purposes.The following quotes appear in the hadith corpus and Quran.
They have been chosen as they specifically concern the concepts of
forgiveness, atonement, and jihad. The hadith corpus is a record of the
words and actions of the Prophet Muhammad. Not all Muslims support the
hadith corpus as a legitimate basis of law, but jihadists adhere to
them. The Quran is the Islamic sacred holy book, believed to be the word
of Allah as dictated to Muhammad by the archangel Gabriel, written in
Arabic. The hadith corpus state: "The Prophet said, 'The person who
participates in (Holy battles) in Allah's cause . . . and nothing
compels him to do so except belief in Allah and His Apostles, will be
recompensed by Allah either with a reward, or booty (if he survives) or
will be admitted to Paradise (if he is killed in the battle as a
martyr)'."15 Allah's Apostle said, "Allah guarantees him who strives in
His Cause and whose motivation for going out is nothing but Jihad in His
Cause and belief in His Word, that He will admit him into Paradise (if
martyred) or bring him back to his dwelling place, whence he has come
out, with what he gains of reward and booty."16- "He (the Messenger of
Allah) did that and said: There is another act which elevates the
position of a man in Paradise to a grade one hundred (higher), and the
elevation between one grade and the other is equal to the height of the
heaven from the earth. He (Abu Sa'id) said: What is that act? He
replied: Jihad in the way of Allah! Jihad in the way of Allah!"17-The
Quran states: "And if you are killed in the cause of Allah or you die,
the forgiveness and mercy of Allah are better than all that you
amass."18 "Surely those who believe and those who leave their homes and
fight in the way of Allah, may hope for his benevolence for Allah is
forgiving and kind."19"Do you think that you will get away before Allah
knows who among you fought and did not take anyone but Allah, His
Apostle and the faithful as their friends? Allah is cognizant of all
that you do."20 "But (to) those who were victimized and left their homes
and then fought and endured patiently, your Lord will surely be
forgiving and kind."21"He who strives (jihad) does so for himself.
Verily Allah is independent of the creatures of the world."22 "Those who
fear Allah and follow the straight path will surely be in gardens and
in bliss, Rejoicing at what their Lord has given them; and their Lord
will preserve them from the torment of Hell. 'Eat and drink with
relish,' (they will be told), (as recompense) for what you have done."23
"Reclining there on carpets lined with brocade, fruits of the garden
hanging low within reach. How many favors of your Lord will then both of
you deny? In them maidens with averted glances, undeflowered by man or
by jinn before them."24 "If you give alms openly, it is well, and if you
hide it and give it to the poor, it is better for you; and this will do
away with some of your evil deeds; and Allah is aware of what you
do."25"And keep up prayer in the two parts of the day and in the first
hours of the night; surely good deeds take away evil deeds."26-It is
clear in these passages that istishadi is sanctioned in both the Quran
and the hadith corpus. Several of these passages imply that a life lived
without the violence that jihad brings is disgraceful. The gifts that
jihad brings without death are bountiful but are much more extravagant
when the loss of one's life occurs:In the sight of Allah the martyr has
six [unique] qualities: He [Allah] forgives him at the first
opportunity, and shows him his place in paradise, he is saved from the
torment of the grave, he is safe from the great fright [of the
Resurrection], a crown of honor is placed upon his head--one ruby which
is better than the world and all that is in it--he is married to 72 of
the houris, and he gains the right to intercede for 70 of his
relatives.27 In life, the most perfect aim is for istishadi through
jihad, and the martyr will receive bountiful gifts in paradise. Men will
receive 72 virgins in the hadith corpus.28 There is some debate on the
meaning of the Quranic passages according to Islamic jurisprudence.
Ahmed Ali's translated version does not even mention the 70 (the number
may vary) virgins that are found in Shakir's translated version. In
fact, English translations of the Quran vary greatly from author to
author. Many female martyrs believe that they will become one of the
beautiful dark-eyed virgins (houri), or that at least they will not have
to share their husband with other wives. According to the Encyclopedia
Britannica, "There are numerous references to the houri in the Quran
describing them as 'purified wives' and 'spotless virgins'."29 Other
scholars have stated that the Quran elevates dutiful and faithful wives
above the houris.30 There is even debate as to whether houris are women.
It is possible that these companions have no gender or come in both
male and female form.31 If a wife comes to her husband as a virgin in
paradise, she will allow him to have the purest sexual encounter.32 Food
will be delicious and plentiful, and family will be able to spend time
together recalling stories in their past lives. There will be green
gardens with aromatic flowers and beautiful scenery. The description of
paradise continues throughout the Quran. Jihad must also be clarified.
There is the lesser or outer jihad, which is the violent jihad that is
sanctified for three distinct reasons: when Muslims are attacked, when
Muslim holy land is attacked, or when the religion of Islam is attacked.
The greater or inner jihad is the struggle to live a pure life
according to the Quran and the five pillars of Islam. The greater jihad
far supersedes the lesser jihad in importance according to most moderate
Muslims, although there is some debate on this by Islamic scholars.33
However, in jihadist terrorist organizations, there is a much larger
emphasis on the lesser jihad than the greater jihad.In reference to
suicide, the Quran forbids it, and Muslim society confirms this
religious belief. In a study completed by David Lester at the Center for
the Study of Suicide, the author found that completed suicide rates in
Muslim countries were much lower than rates of completed suicide in
other countries with differing majority religions.34 Rates of attempted
suicide do, however, appear to be the same as in countries of other
religions. Lester acknowledges that this may be due to underreporting as
suicide is taboo or forbidden in Islam. A more recent study found "a
negative relationship between suicide rates and adherents of Islam
across several countries."35 From this research, one can conclude that
committing suicide is forbidden in the Islamic religion. However,
jihadists can use the concept of jihad that is documented in the Quran
to justify martyrdom operations. It is apparent that jihadist Muslims do
not view istishadi as suicide but believe that istishadi in pursuit of
jihad is justifiable and holy. Therefore, jihadists use Islam and its
scriptures to justify suicide bombings. What Happened to the Concept of
Tawba? In an online magazine for Western Muslims, Muslim Matters, Ustadh
Mukhtar Ba explains the meaning of tawba and the actions that must be
pursued to accomplish it. Tawba must be completed for every sin, and if
the sins occur repeatedly, tawba must be repeated each time they occur.
The cure for sin is repentance. Im'm Ghaz'l' (1058-1111 CE) stated,
"Just as you have taken returning to sins as a habit, then also take
returning to tawba as a habit, because through tawba you expiate your
past sins, and it is very possible that you may have the fortune to die
while in a state of tawba."36 There are six elements to the concept of
tawba.37 The first element is remorse, or feeling pain for having caused
the sin. The repentant must "utter istighf'r [saying astaghfirull'h]
with one's tongue, at the moment of tawba."38 If istighf'r is stated
without conviction in the heart, the tawba cannot be accepted. The
second element is the desire not to repeat the sin. The third element is
to undertake religious duties. The fourth element is to apologize and
ask for forgiveness to any person or people who were wronged. Property
or rights must be returned as part of the fifth element. Last, the sixth
element is to be obedient to Allah. It is a matter of debate as to
whether Allah will accept the tawba and forgive the sin, according to
differing opinions among the 'ulam'.39 The Quran states, "Surely Allah
does not forgive that anything should be associated with Him, and He
forgives what is besides this to whom He pleases; and whoever associates
anything with Allah, he indeed strays off into a remote error."40 It
can be argued that the concept of tawba does not apply to suicide
bombers, or at least that suicide bombers do not want to apply the
concept of tawba to themselves. There may be several reasons why tawba
is not utilized. First, the suicide bomber may not be aware of tawba.
Second, a recruiter or imam may make istishadi a better option. Third,
the suicide bomber may sin repeatedly knowing that jihad will grant them
access to paradise regardless. Fourth, it is said that Allah may not
accept tawba. In the Quran and hadith corpus, the language clarifies
that there is a much higher possibility of entrance into paradise
through istishadi. Dying through jihad is portrayed as automatic
entrance to paradise. The torture of the grave, or being eaten alive by
worms in a tiny restricting space until the end of days, is not
appealing for those who may not have been successful pursuing atonement
through tawba.41 Another reason for istishadi through jihad as opposed
to committing tawba is the shock-and-awe factor. There is a political
goal behind every terrorist attack. Tawba does not quite get the message
through like a suicide bombing that kills several people. The
effectiveness of terrorism lies in its apparent random selection of
targets and victims, as well as the fear and destruction it causes.
Another reason is that the cult and romanticism of istishadi is much
more appealing than simply apologizing and repenting for one's sins
through tawba. Palestinians, in particular, venerate the cult of
martyrdom, in which martyrs have parades in their honor and streets
named after them. There are also the propaganda videos of Islamic State
of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and al-Qaeda that show shirtless young Muslim
men, usually Arabs, undergoing military training with hypnotic drums and
music in the background. Children are taught to revere these martyrs
and their deeds. Young women are taught to dream of the day that they
lose their martyred husbands in death. The allure of death and beautiful
virgin maidens for both men and women is intoxicating. In addition, in
many Muslim cultures, the families of the martyrs are provided for the
rest of their lives, receiving regular rewards and benefits from their
communities.42 With all this glory and fame after death (that was
probably never received in life), why would one pursue tawba? One final
reason is that death in Islam is not something to mourn and differs
completely from the Western concept of grief. In Islam, it is a sin to
grieve a loved one who has gone to paradise.43 Muslims are supposed to
be happy for those who have gone to paradise and to be rather envious of
their new relationship with Allah. If someone wants to martyr
themselves for a cause that is viewed as a just reason for jihad, how
could tawba be more attractive? It is likely that people who pursue
istishadi over tawba have not had the easiest lives and the promise of
automatic entry into paradise is much more attractive than the return to
the difficult lives they have been living. To put it bluntly, istishadi
is the surest way to get to paradise.Clearly, tawba is neither the best
nor most realistic option for many would-be martyrs. Perhaps this is
where secondary and tertiary motivations come in for committing a
suicide bombing. The previous paragraphs illustrate many possible
reasons why tawba will not work for a prospective suicide bomber. The
best way to understand sin as a motivation for istishadi is to interview
unsuccessful suicide bombers directly after their failure, before the
leadership of the terrorist organization gets to them in prison. Once
terrorists are put in prison, they will typically tow the line of the
terrorist group to the public.44 Stories will often change, and the
group's propaganda line will be the response. However, access to these
people is difficult to obtain, so this article will examine case studies
concerning sin and istishadi for both men and women.Case Studies and
the Use of Istishadi-The concept of martyring oneself to achieve
forgiveness of sins and to obtain access to paradise is applicable to
both male and female suicide bombers. The role of the recruiter cannot
be underestimated in these circumstances. A Muslim man or woman, or any
potential convert, is first located as a possible suicide bomber by a
recruiter, and the recruiter then establishes a relationship with them.
With time and trust, a relationship develops, and the person divulges
their sins to the recruiter, perhaps with admission of guilt and shame.
The recruiter may already be aware of the sins if the person is a
target.45 Eventually, the recruiter talks the person into becoming a
martyr to find forgiveness from Allah and entrance into paradise. This
is not brainwashing, as some may state, as it is documented in the Quran
that istishadi will lead to clemency and a place in paradise.46 While
this concept of the recruiter's role in suicide terrorism needs more
research, anecdotal stories are quite revealing.The following case
studies are examples of suicide bombers who have led "sinful" lives
according to Islam and have accomplished istishadi. Not every one of
these cases has a documented statement where the person or someone close
to them had stated that they martyred themselves because of their
transgressions. Often, the person's family or close friends have used
their transgressions to justify their sacrifices. In addition, this list
of martyrs is not exhaustive, as the examples are numerous, but it is a
relatively protracted list for the purposes of article length and
comprehension. Men- Jamal Ahmidan (al-Qaeda) arrived in Spain as an
illegal immigrant and married a drug addict to obtain legal status in
the country. A drug dealer and user, he consumed heroin, cocaine, and
alcohol even though he was Muslim. He had also served time in prison for
murder and been in legal trouble on numerous occasions.47 He was a
suicide bomber in the Madrid bombing of March 2004.48 Salaman Abedi was
an ISIS suicide bomber in Manchester, England, in 2017. According to an
Independent article, "The 22-year-old was remembered as a 'fun guy' who
drank, took drugs and possibly had links with local gangs before
appearing increasingly religious as his radicalization deepened."49
Women-The concept of female suicide bombers requires more background, as
many Muslims view women participating in the lesser jihad as haram, or
forbidden. The Quran has some relatively contradictory statements
regarding female jihad, and this most likely causes the disparity in
Islamic society. In the Quran, Muhammad and his wife Aishah discussed
the concept of female jihad. Aishah stated, "Apostle! We consider Jihad
as the best deed. 'Should we not fight in Allah's Cause?" He [Muhammad]
said, "The best Jihad for women is the Hajj done as I have done it."50
Muhammad states his preference that women should not engage in jihad but
instead pursue the holy pilgrimage to Mecca. However, Jihad is also an
individual duty. When an enemy invades a Muslim country, all the
inhabitants of that country should go out and fight the enemy. In this
situation, it is unlawful for anyone to refrain from fighting. The
Prophet states, "Allah says: 'O you who believe! Fight those unbelievers
who are near to you and let them find you in hardness."51 Women
pursuing jihad have repeatedly used this scriptural passage in the Quran
to justify their pursuit of the lesser or outer jihad. They argue that
men are not pursuing jihad as they should be. Therefore, it is the duty
of Muslim women to pursue their own jihad. Most of these women who
martyr themselves are not married, so they cannot become a faithful and
pure wife for a husband who accomplishes Jannah, watching with love as
he pursues sexual nirvana with the houri. Instead, the single female
martyr hopes to become one of the houri or even the leader of the
houri.Throughout Islamic history, Muslim women were not allowed to fight
in war, which included performing acts of martyrdom.52 However, the
strategic value of women has been observed in the last few decades, and
female suicide bombers have been used frequently by jihadist terrorist
groups, particularly in recent years. According to political scientist
Mia Bloom, the first female suicide bomber was Dalal al-Maghribi. Dalal
was a Palestinian who blew up a bus going to Tel Aviv, Israel, on 11
March 1978 in the Coastal Road Massacre. This attack was ordered by
Fatah and was one of several in a terrorist spree of attacks.53 Sanaía
Mehaidli was a lone suicide bomber who martyred herself on 9 April 1985
for the Syrian Social Nationalist Party.54 The first female suicide
bomber in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is widely attributed as
Palestinian Wafa Idris, who detonated herself on 27 January 2002 for
Hamas.55 In the last two decades, female suicide bombers have been
considered and adopted by jihadist terrorist groups. Sheik Ahmad Yassin,
the spiritual founder of Hamas, was questioned by journalist Barbara
Victor about female suicide bombers. Victor asked him, "How do you feel,
Sheik Yassin, a man of God, when you hear that a young woman has
strapped on an explosive belt and blown herself up in a market, killing
dozens of Israeli men, women, and children?" Sheik Yassin responded, "It
is a good sign. Once women were squeamish about seeing blood or
committing acts of martyrdom. Now they are willing to die for the sake
of our cause. For me, it is a good sign that women are beginning to take
up the fight alongside our men."56 The following list offers examples
of women who have martyred themselves for their sins.Ayat al Ahras was
18 when she carried out a suicide bombing for Fatah in Israel on 29
March 2002. She was pregnant and unmarried.57 Darine Abu Aisha carried
out her suicide attack for Hamas after being publicly disgraced at an
Israeli checkpoint. She was forced to kiss her cousin and refused to
marry him.58 She was "aware that her refusal would bring disgrace to her
family."59 In jihadist families, her chastity and therefore the honor
of her family was destroyed.Hasna Aitboulahcen martyred herself in an
attempt to kill police in Paris. She was known as an alcoholic and a
Westernized Muslim who dyed her hair blonde, dressed in jeans, and wore
cowboy hats. She began to wear a hijab around a month before she
committed suicide. A friend stated, "She was really vulnerable and going
through a bad time in her life, so they came at the right time and
found the right person."60 As alcohol is forbidden for Muslims, this
woman committed a grave sin in becoming an alcoholic. Luiza Asmayeba, a
Chechen, was wounded in a shootout with Russian police on 24 June 2003
in Grozny. "Before her death, she told security authorities that she had
been repeatedly raped and impregnated by Chechen mujahedin and saw
istishadi as the only way to cleanse herself from that shame."61 In
Muslim societies, women may be held responsible for their own rape. If
they inspired fitnah, a sexual, uncontrollable frenzy, in men, the men
are not responsible for their actions.62 Wafa Samir Ibrahim al-Biss was
burned all over her body from a cooking fire. She had also been raped as
a child. Her parents sent her to be a suicide bomber for the al-Aqsa
Martyrs Brigade.63 Again, her rape was the sin that humiliated her
family and destroyed their honor. In Islam, it is believed that a woman
brings rape upon herself, as she has not guarded her virtue as well as
she should have. Hiba Daraghmeh represented Palestinian Islamic jihad
and martyred herself on 19 May 2003. She had been raped by her uncle and
withdrew socially, donning a full hijab and befriending only women.64
Tawriya Hamamra volunteered for a suicide mission for the Fatah al-Aqsa
Martyrs BrigadeIsrael Defense Forces foiled her plans and arrested her
in Tulkarm on the West Bank. Tawriya stated, "I didn't feel fear. I am
not afraid of dying. I went for personal reasons. I was afraid of how
Allah would look on me if I came for impure reasons."65 Wafa Idris was a
barren, divorced Palestinian women who chose istishadi as a way to
rectify the family embarrassment that she had caused. She was claimed by
the al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade. Her sister-in-law stated that Idris was
never the same after her husband divorced her, and that her divorce had
made her a constant target of mocking. "Wafa knew she could never marry
again because a divorced woman is tainted."66 Idris stated days before
she died, "I have become a burden on my family. They tell me they love
me and want me, but I know from their gestures and expressions that they
wish I didn't exist."67 Faiza 'Amal Jumaía was a transsexual
Palestinian. She was unable to live as a normal Muslim woman and have a
family. She redressed her sins by becoming a shahida, which is a female
martyr. She stated, "Who will want to marry someone like me? Have you
forgotten that I am Ahmad?"68 Thouria Khamour was a tomboy who did not
excel in school, and no one wanted to marry her. She belonged to the
Tanzim sector of Fatah and was a failed suicide bomber.69 Shifa al-Qudsi
was a failed suicide bomber who had a series of disastrous romantic
affairs after her divorce and had murdered a random Israeli motorist.70
Reem Raiyshi committed adultery, and her husband urged her to carry out a
suicide attacks for Hamas as a result. Her illicit lover recruited her
and drove her to the site of the attack.71 Andalib Suleiman was
impregnated outside of wedlock by a Fatah operative and martyred herself
on 12 April 2002.72 Ahlam Tamini assisted in the Sbarro Pizza bombing
in Jerusalem on 9 August 2001 for Hamas. She fell in love and had a
child, which her brother's family took from her. Identified by the
pseudonym Zina, she stated, "Everyone knew about me and my baby and they
understood why I had been sent to live with my cousins." To become a
martyr, Tamini had to prove herself to her lover and married father,
Hassan. "He told me if the attack was a success, which means that more
than twenty people were killed, he would finally consider me a valuable
part of the organization. He told me that only then I could have the
honor of dying in my own martyr operation."73 Zulikhan Yelikhadzhiyeva
was kidnapped by her half-brother after she had disgraced her family
honor by falling in love with her stepbrother, a mujaheed named Zhaga.
They escaped together and had a sexual relationship, but Yelikhadzhiyeva
was consumed by the fear of "falling into the hands of my relatives."
If her sins were discovered, she could no longer "live in this dirty
world and (would) go to hell" for her transgressions. She was convinced
that she could be forgiven through istishadi. She was caught by Russian
security forces before she martyred herself.74 In her interview with an
Arab journalist in Palestine, an academic and member of the Knesset,
Anat Berko stated the following concerning a female suicide bomber:I
remembered something I had heard in that context, "Not a shaheeda, a
sharmouta' (i.e., not a woman who died as a martyr for the sake of
Allah, but just a whore), and I heard it from Murad, an Arab journalist
who accompanied me several times when I interviewed individuals outside
Israeli prisons. He added, ìIt was better for her to die than to be
murdered, and she even took a couple of [Israeli] soldiers with her, so
all her sins were forgotten. And there is something I want you to know:
if someone decides to be a Shaheed, every bad thing [they] ever did is
canceled, even if it's a question of a woman who slept around. It's like
what a Muslim on a hajj feels like. So a lot of men commit sins and say
to themselves, "I'll go on a hajj and everything will be erased, so I
can do anything, I'm going to run wild."75 Istishadi is a complicated
path for women, as it can be quite taboo in Muslim society and the
Quran.76 In a New York Times article, Leor Halevi, a professor of
history at Texas A&M University, talks about "the torture of the
grave," or what occurs after the death of a Muslim who does not die
through istishadi. Halevi writes that after a Muslim dies, they will
return to Earth to see their funeral and will briefly reside in their
body again while they are questioned by two angels, Munkar and Nakir. If
their sins have been washed clean, their grave is made into a habitable
luxurious domain until the end of days. If their sins have not been
purified, the grave will become a constricting tight space that will
weigh on them for eternity, and they will endure intense pain while
worms eat their body. In the end, Allah may forgive them and let them
into paradise. Indeed, the psychological effects of the "the torture of
the grave" create anxiety for many Muslims. The psychologist Ahmed M.
Abdel-Khalek, who has studied preoccupation about death among Arab
youth, has found that the torture of the grave is a realistic cause of
anxiety. As Muslims understand it, it means that a person must lie in
their grave until the Prophet returns or the person's sins are
forgiven.77 Discussion of Case Studies-One difficulty with this research
involves tracking statements from martyrs as to why they committed
istishadi. The intent is the most important part of the act. If the
intent is to kill as many infidels as possible before death, then the
act is not suicide, and the person will gain the status of a shahid. The
research in this article is based on the theory that these people lived
un-Islamic lives and committed what are viewed as egregious sins in
Muslim communities. What is known of these people is that they committed
these sins, were approached by a recruiter, then typically became very
strict Muslims, and subsequently martyred themselves, or at least tried
to martyr themselves. Many of these suicide bombers are not likely to
publicly confess their sins in the martyrdom videos that are sometimes
published, since the admission of sins would likely mean embarrassment
for the family in this society. However, there is a pattern that is
evident in these case studies that can be observed. The case studies
would be stronger if this author could have met with the martyrs prior
to their final act or if they had left documents explaining their
actions, but this was not possible.It appears that women are more likely
to use istishadi for perceived sins as a reason to commit a suicide
bombing than men. These sins include infidelity, alcoholism, drug use,
promiscuity, rape (or induction of fitna), family embarrassment,
transsexuality, and being a family burden. This is most likely due to
the inferior status of women in the Islamic patriarchal society. Scholar
Anat Berko states that the Palestinian women recruited for suicide
bombings are often sexually abused before istishadi, but since they are
earning passage to paradise their virtue no longer matters.78 Women are
considered expendable in many Muslim countries by jihadist
organizations, and in recent years women have been recruited to commit
suicide bombings by jihadist groups in large numbers. Women are often
not expected to be violent, cannot be easily searched, and can disguise
themselves as being pregnant or obese while carrying a bomb. As a
result, women can succeed in suicide bombings, and many jihadist
organizations have capitalized on this fact.79 The concept of honor in
Islamic society and the need for the women in the family to protect that
honor is most likely another reason that women need to atone for their
perceived sins by pursuing istishadi. Women are the keepers of honor in
their families and are singularly responsible if that honor is lost. If a
woman dies for Allah by pursuing istishadi, she wipes her sins clean
and therefore restores the honor of her family. Sins that produce shame
include barrenness, divorce, adultery, and rape, which are among the
most common reasons for istishadi. Men also want to restore honor to
their family by pursing istishadi, but this is not as prevalent for men
as it is for women.Based on the data presented in this article, men who
martyred themselves predominately attacked Western countries, whereas
women were mostly attacking Israel and were Palestinians. It is
important to note that female suicide bombers have not yet reached the
Western countries en masse. However, this author hypothesizes that this
could occur in time, particularly with ISIS. ISIS is incredibly skilled
at using social media to recruit Western women to go to Syria or Iraq to
join the organization, and it could either create sleeper cells to the
West or recruit women in the West to commit acts of istishadi for Islam.
If the women are already in jihadist Muslim families, this is not a far
stretch. Conclusion and Avenues of Future Research -In conclusion, this
theory that some jihadist Muslims martyr themselves because of their
sins and receive automatic entry into paradise would benefit from more
research. Since the martyrs are no longer with us, it would be
advantageous to speak with family members and friends as to the
suspected motives of these suicide bombers. Even then, family members
may not know or may not be inclined to discuss the so-called "dirty
laundry" of their deceased kin. Why was tawba not pursued by these
people? The justification or personal story of the suicide bomber is
often difficult to research. A possible counterargument to this research
is that if istishadi is surest way to have one's sins forgiven and gain
automatic entry into paradise, why are more Muslims not martyring
themselves? The answer to this question is relatively simple. Most
people do not want to die. Most people also do not have the fortitude to
end their own lives and use suicide as the final solution. While the
hadith corpus and Quran address these ideas, they are not explicitly
adhered to, and achieving istishadi is one of the most extreme
components of Islam for even the most devout believer. Therefore,
jihadists tend to be one of the few sects of Islamists that pursue
istishadi.However, there is some room for prognostication with this
research. If a Muslim person, whether man or woman, lives a life that is
not within the confines of their religion and they suddenly begin to
live an austere Muslim lifestyle, this may be a warning sign that the
person is potentially considering istishadi. At this point, an
investigation or possibly an intervention from intelligence
organizations or police may be necessary. Sudden changes in lifestyle
behavior by Muslims attending extremist mosques are possible signs for
terrorist profilers in intelligence organizations. Considering the
terrorist attacks that are constantly occurring throughout the world and
particularly in the West in recent years, it is possible that this
phenomenon will continue to grow. Endnotes Albert Kenneth Cragg,
"Hadith," Britannica Academic, 5 August 2020. "Hadith Collection,"
British Library, accessed 30 March 2021. Due to the complexity of these
concepts, several terms have been generalized for the purposes of this
discussion. Jihad, hadith, and tawba have multiple meanings depending on
the context of the discussion within Islam.Sahih al-Bukhari,
1:2:35.Quran 2:160 (Yusuf Ali translation).Quran 66:8 (Yusuf Ali
translation).Quran 4:116 (Shakir translation).Concerning suicide
terrorism, the role of the jihadist terrorist group recruiter cannot be
underestimated. It is the recruiter who brings the person to the
organization, whether a family member or friend. Using information they
have learned about the sins or weaknesses of the individual, the
recruiter then influences the person to sacrifice their own life for
political reasons. According to this author's own interview and research
experiences, recruiters will often target the rejected, the disowned,
the misfit, or mentally or physically damaged people. The recruiter must
persuade the possible martyr that they need redemption for their sins
and that paradise through jihad is worth the cost of their life. The
recruiter may also work in tandem with an imam (leader) to corroborate
the scriptural component. In a sense, the recruiter is the predator and
the potential suicide bomber is the prey. The role of the recruiter is a
gray area in terrorism studies and is often difficult to ascertain as
the recruiters are few, are rarely arrested, and would never admit to
their recruiting activities.Amritha Venkatraman, "Religious Basis for
Islamic Terrorism: The Quran and Its Interpretations," Studies in
Conflict and Terrorism 30, no. 3 (2007): 229ñ48,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100600781612.Yoram Schweitzer, Aviad
Mendelboim, and Dana Ayalon, Suicide Bombings Worldwide in 2019: Signs
of Decline following the Military Defeat of the Islamic State, INSS
Insight No. 1244 (Tel Aviv, Israel: Institute for National Security
Studies, 2020). The 2020 report has not been published yet.Yoram
Schweitzer, Aviad Mendelboim, and Adi Gozlan, Suicide Attacks in 2018:
Fewer Attacks and Victims in Fewer Countries, INSS Insight No. 1126 (Tel
Aviv, Israel: Institute for National Security Studies, 2019). Zahid
Aziz, "Shakir's Quran Translation-Blatant Plagiarism of the First
Edition of Maulana Muhammad Ali's Translation," Lahore Ahmadiyya Islamic
Movement, October 2005.Khaleel Mohammed, "Assessing English
Translations of the Qurían," Middle East Quarterly 12, no. 2 (Spring
2005): 58-71. "Jihad," BBC, 3 August 2009. Sahih al-Bukhari,
1:2:35.Sahih al-Bukhari, 4:53:352. Sahih Muslim, 20:4645.Quran 3:157
(Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 2:218 (Ahmed Ali translation). Quran 9:16
(Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 16:110 (Ahmed Ali translation).Quran 29:6
(Ahmed Ali translation). Quran 52:17-19 (Ahmed Ali translation). Quran
55:54-56 (Ahmed Ali translation). See also Quran 55:70-78 (Ahmed Ali
translation).Quran 2:271 (Shakir translation).Quran 11:114 (Shakir
translation). Jamií al-Tirmidhi, 3:106:1712. Jamií al-Tirmidhi,
4:21:268."Houri," Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed 30 March 2021.
Seyyed Hossein Nasr et al., eds., The Study Quran: A New Translation and
Commentary (New York: Harper Collins, 2015). See also the hadith by Abu
"l-Q'wsim Sulaym'n Ibn Ahmad ibn Ayyoob ibn Mu'awyyir al-Lakhm'
ash-Sh'm' at-'abar'ni. The houri are not human, and human beings are the
highest of Allah's creation.Muhammad Asad, The Message of the Qurían
(New York: Book Foundation, 2005), 1128. The author writes, "The noun
hur--rendered by me as 'companions pure'--is a plural of both ahwar
(masc.) and hawraí (fem.).Nerina Rustomji, "American Visions of the
Houri," Muslim World 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 79-92,
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2007.00159.x."Religions: Jihad,"
BBC, accessed 15 May 2020. David Lester, "Suicide and Islam," Archives
of Suicide Research 1, no. 10 (January 2006): 40-63,
https://doi.org/10.1080/13811110500318489.Ajit Shah and Mahmood Chandia,
"The Relationship between Suicide and Islam: A Cross-national Study,"
Journal of Injury and Violence Research 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 93-97,
https://doi.org/10.5249/jivr.v2i2.60.As cited in Ustadh Mukhtar Ba, "The
Meaning of Tawba (Repentance from Sins)," Muslim Matters, 15 February
2013. "Repentance," Oxford Islamic Studies Online, accessed 15 May
2020.Ba, "The Meaning of Tawba (Repentance from Sins)."Ba, "The Meaning
of Tawba (Repentance from Sins)"; and Roohi Tahir, "Repentance as a Way
of Life: Islam, Spirituality, and Practice," Yaqeen Institute, 6 August
2018. Quran, 4:116 (Shakir translation).Leor Halevi, "The Torture of
the Grave: Islam and the Afterlife," New York Times, 4 May 2007. Laleh
Khalili, Heroes and Martyrs of Palestine: The Politics of National
Commemoration (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009),
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511492235; and Justus Reid Weiner,
"Palestinian Children and the New Cult of Martyrdom," Harvard Israel
Review, accessed 30 March 2021.Quran 2:155ñ57 (Ahmed Ali translation);
and Sahih al-Bukhari, 7:70:547.This statement is based on this author's
research concerning prison interviews with convicted terrorists. See
Christine Sixta Rinehart, Sexual Jihad: The Role of Islam in Female
Terrorism (Lanham, MD; Lexington Books, 2019).Rinehart, Sexual
Jihad.Darren Hudson et al., The Irrational Terrorist and Other
Persistent Terrorism Myths (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2020).Adam
Lankford, The Myth of Martyrdom: What Really Drives Suicide Bombers,
Rampage Shooters, and Other Self-destructive Killers (New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2013).For more on the 2004 attack, see Stephen Sackur,
"2004: Madrid Train Attacks," BBC, 11 March 2004.Lizzie Dearden, "Salman
Abedi: How Manchester Attacker Turned from Cannabis-smoking Dropout to
ISIS Suicide Bomber," Independent, 24 May 2017. Khan, hadith corpus,
4:52:43.Quran 9:123 (Shakir translation). David Cook, "Women Fighting in
Jihad," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 28, no. 5 (2005): 375-84,
https://doi.org/10.1080/10576100500180212.Mia Bloom, Bombshell: Women
and Terrorism (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011),
23.Sinem Cengiz, "How Terrorist Groups Use Women as Suicide Bombers,"
Arab News, 17 December 2016. James Bennett, "Arab Woman's Path to
'Unlikely' Martyrdom," New York Times, 31 January 2002. Barbara Victor,
Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers
(New York: St. Martin's Press, 2003), 111."Blackmailing Young Women into
Suicide Terrorism," Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 12 February
2003."Dareen Abu Aysheh: Number Two Woman Martyr," Islam Online Archive,
accessed 7 September 2017. Victor, Army of Roses, 109. Leda Reynolds,
"Female Suicide Bomber Was 'Alcohol-loving' Honeytrap Planted to Fool
Police," Daily Express, 20 November 2015. Yossef Bodansky, Chechen
Jihad: Al-Qaedaís Training Ground and the Next Wave of Terror (New York:
Harper Collins, 2007), 268.Saba Syed, "Fitnah Frenzy: Muslim Men
Traumatized," Muslim Matters, 11 April 2011; and Fatima Mernissi, Beyond
the Veil: Male-Female Dynamics in Modern Muslim Society (Bloomington,
IN: Indiana University Press, 1987).Anat Berko, The Path to Paradise:
The Inner World of Suicide Bombers and Their Dispatchers, trans.
Elizabeth Yuval (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2007),
106-7; and "Attack by Female Suicide Bomber Thwarted at Erez Crossing,"
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20 June 2005. Berko, The Path to
Paradise, 116-17; and Saíid Ghazali, "The Story of Hiba, 19, a Suicide
Bomber. Can the Road-map Put an End to All This?," Independent, 27 May
2002.Rosemarie Skaine, Female Suicide Bombers (Jefferson, NC: McFarland,
2006), 143.Victor, Army of Roses, 41.Victor, Army of Roses, 196.Mira
Tzoreff, "The Palestinian Shahida: National Patriotism, Islamic
Feminism, or Social Crisis,: in Female Suicide Bombers: Dying for
Equality?, ed. Yoram Schweitzer (Tel Aviv, Israel: Institute for
National Security Studies, 2006), 13-24.Yoram Schweitzer, "Palestinian
Female Suicide Bombers: Reality vs. Myth," in Female Suicide Bombers,
25-41.Victor, Army of Roses, 259."Atoning for Adultery with Martyrdom,"
Washington Times, 20 January 2004. Israeli Security Forces,
"Blackmailing Young Women into Suicide Terrorism," Israel Ministry of
Foreign Affairs, 12 February 2003.Victor, Army of Roses, 140. Bodansky,
Chechen Jihad, 268. Berko, The Path to Paradise, 2. See Rinehart, Sexual
Jihad, chapter 5-Halevi, "The Torture of the Grave." Berko, The Path to
Paradise.Jessica Davis, "Evolution of the Global Jihad: Female Suicide
Bombers in Iraq," Studies in Conflict and Terrorism 36, no. 4 (2013):
279ñ91, https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2013.763598.
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